Institutional Repository for Scientific Scholarship at 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences
The Institutional Repository of 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences is a centralized, open-access digital platform dedicated to collecting, preserving, indexing, and disseminating the complete scientific and intellectual output of the university's faculty and students across all colleges. It aims to enhance the global visibility and impact of Yemeni medical and applied research.
21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences, Sana’a, Yemen.
The Relationship Between Level of Support and Effective Communication with Mothers During Labor and Their Satisfaction with Childbirth Experience
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of midwifery support and communication on enhancing maternal satisfaction during childbirth. It focused on three core dimensions: emotional support, effective communication, and respect for autonomy, analyzing how each contributes to a positive maternal experience. Methodology & Psychometric Properties: The study involved a sample of (200) participants. The research instrument demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, with an overall Cronbach’s Alpha of (0.955), reflecting high internal consistency. Normality testing confirmed data eligibility for parametric statistical inference. Key Statistical Findings: Results revealed a very strong positive correlation between midwifery support and overall satisfaction )r = 0.851) Regression analysis indicated that midwifery support explains (72.4%) of the variance in maternal satisfaction levels. "Emotional and Social Support" emerged as the strongest predictor of satisfaction (beta = 0.529), followed by "Respect for Autonomy" and "Effective Communication." The "Personal Control and Subjective Experience" dimension recorded the lowest satisfaction levels, highlighting the impact of labor pain and birth trauma on maternal perception. Conclusions & Recommendations: The study concluded that childbirth satisfaction is the outcome of a "humanized care system." It recommended the adoption of the WHO Labor Care Guide, enhancing midwives' emotional intelligence, and utilizing non-pharmacological pain relief techniques to ensure care that prioritizes maternal dignity and autonomy.
Scientific and Community Output of the Deanship of Environment and Community Service at 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 اسماء اياد، هاله عبد القادر، سندس يحيى، منير مصلح الوصابي، امتياز الذاهبي وآخرون (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Anesthesiologists’ Knowledge Level and the Incidence Rate of General Anesthesia Complications Among Pediatric Patients in Government Hospitals
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the cognitive knowledge level of anesthesiologists and its relationship with the incidence rate of general anesthesia complications among pediatric patients in government hospitals in Sana'a. Additionally, it evaluated the level of adherence to patient safety standards and clinical risk reduction practices within operating theaters. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized, targeting a convenience sample of 61 anesthesia practitioners across three major public teaching hospitals in Sana'a: Military Hospital, Republican Hospital, and Police Hospital. Data collection was executed using a validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.75) containing 30 items distributed across five core dimensions evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was conducted via SPSS (Version 27) utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: Demographic analysis indicated that the vast majority of the sample were males (86.9%), under 30 years of age (60.7%), and held a Bachelor's Degree in Anesthesia (68.9%). Regarding study dimensions, "Physiological & Pharmacological Knowledge" yielded the highest competence level (Mean = 4.56), followed by "Patient Safety and Risk Reduction" (Mean = 4.45), "Preoperative Knowledge" (Mean = 4.39), and "Airway Management Knowledge" (Mean = 4.14). Conversely, the indicators of complication incidence and response patterns fell within a moderate range (Mean = 3.84). A statistically significant, moderate-to-strong positive correlation was identified between the practitioners' cognitive level and both complication recognition and patient safety practices (rho range: 0.53 – 0.57, p = 0.001). Specialized course participation significantly enhanced preoperative knowledge (p = 0.035), while extended clinical experience (>10 years) significantly bolstered safety protocol adherence (p = 0.040). Furthermore, pharmacological knowledge significantly varied by work location in favor of the Republican Hospital (p = 0.035). Conclusions: Anesthesia practitioners in Sana'a's government hospitals possess a robust theoretical foundation and maintain safe pediatric practices. Nonetheless, a critical clinical gap was identified regarding the suboptimal, irregular utilization of capnography (Mean = 3.16), alongside a prominent institutional need to establish non-punitive, systematic error review protocols to reinforce the safety culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبير الرجوي، مروان جبري علي الحرف، منير مصلح الوصابي، جبران حسان قايد جربان وآخرون (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Administrative Decisions on the Efficiency of Employee Performance (A Case Study of Al-Thawra General Hospital, Sana'a Municipality)
This study aimed to investigate the impact of administrative decisions across its dimensions (clarity, employee participation, and suitability to work conditions) on the efficiency of employee performance (productivity, job commitment, and job satisfaction) at Al-Thawra General Hospital in Sana'a. The study employed a descriptive analytical approach. Data were collected via a questionnaire distributed to a stratified random sample of 300 employees from various job categories. The study revealed several key findings: The perceived levels of administrative decision dimensions (clarity, participation, and suitability) were low. Employee performance efficiency reached high levels in productivity and job commitment, whereas job satisfaction was low. There is a statistically significant positive impact of both decision clarity and decision suitability on employee performance efficiency. Employee participation in decision-making showed no individual significant impact on performance efficiency within the overall statistical model. Significant statistical differences in performance levels were found based on job category, favoring technicians and administrators over physicians. The study recommended enhancing institutional communication channels to improve decision clarity, activating genuine mechanisms for employee involvement in policy-making, and providing the necessary resources to ensure decisions are suitable for the operational reality.
Scientific Scholarship of Faculty and Students of the Faculty of Medical Administration at 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 ألاء علي الهتاري، الهيثم معمر الشاطبي، أماني عبدالله المكتب، جمانه عبده هلال، منير مصلح الوصابي، حنان عقيل الحرف، سمر علي الراعي، غاده أحمد القطراني، محمد حميد الصولي، واعد محمد صلاح (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
General anesthesia and its relationship to complications in the elderly patients from the perspective of the anesthetic staff (Sana'a Public hospitals)
This study aimed to investigate the correlational relationship between general anesthesia and its subsequent postoperative complications among elderly patients (aged 65 years and older) from the unique perspective of the anesthesia team operating within public hospitals in the Sana'a Governorate, Yemen. Utilizing a descriptive analytical methodology, empirical data was gathered via a structured, closed-ended questionnaire distributed to a sample of 80 anesthesia professionals—including consultants, residents, and technicians—across four major public healthcare facilities: Al-Thawra General Hospital, the Republican Hospital, the Military Hospital, and Al-Kuwait Hospital. The collected data was statistically processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) using frequencies, percentages, and arithmetic means. The findings revealed a substantial consensus (93%) among the anesthesia staff that geriatric patients exhibit a significantly higher vulnerability to anesthesia-related adverse outcomes compared to other age cohorts, a vulnerability primarily driven by age-associated physiological deterioration and pre-existing comorbidities. Hemodynamic instability—manifesting as intraoperative hypotension (70%) and bradycardia (91%)—along with the critical loss of airway protective reflexes (70%), were identified as the most prominent clinical challenges encountered during and after surgical procedures. Consequently, the study recommends the strict implementation of dedicated geriatric anesthesia protocols focused on highly precise, low-dose drug titration, exceptionally slow administrative injection speeds, and intensified close monitoring during the post-anesthesia recovery phase to preserve patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبير الرجوي، علي يحيى جابر، عبدالله ناصر صالح حمود، منير مصلح الوصابي، اشجان هلال الميهال وآخرون (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Implementing Total Quality Management on Improving the Efficiency of Health Services A Case Study of Kuwait University Hospital – Sana'a
This study aimed to measure the impact of implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) dimensions (Leadership, Employees, Processes, Partnerships, Strategy, Information) on improving health service efficiency (Patient Satisfaction, Service Speed, Procedure Accuracy, Error Reduction, Care Outcomes, Resource Utilization) at Kuwait University Hospital in Sana'a. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a simple random sample of (185) employees from a total population of (1,180) medical and administrative staff. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS using simple and multiple linear regression, independent samples T-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings revealed that the overall level of TQM implementation and health service efficiency at the hospital was "Moderate," with mean scores of (3.17) and (3.14), respectively. The regression analysis confirmed a strong and statistically significant positive impact of TQM on efficiency, explaining (44.3%) of the variance in health service performance (R2 = 0.443). "Strategy" emerged as the most influential predictor of efficiency (beta = 0.334) , followed by "Information" and "Employees." Conversely, "Resource Utilization" recorded the lowest realization level due to the hospital's chronic financial deficit and a frozen operational budget. The study recommended revising the operational budget to align with current costs to address the 400-million-riyal debt crisis, accelerating digital transformation through integrated health information systems, and involving academic and nursing staff in formulating strategic goals to ensure sustainable excellence in care delivery. Keywords: Total Quality Management (TQM), Health Service Efficiency, Kuwait University Hospital, Yemen, Resource Utilization.
Copyright (c) 2026 حسين عبدالله الزعكري، أشرف عبدالرحمن المتوكل، بشار محمد القليسي، منير مصلح الوصابي، عز الدين يحيى الذيباني، زيدان فهد صيبعان وآخرون (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Digital Transformation in Improving the Efficiency of Health and Administrative Services (A Field Study in Yemeni Private Hospitals for Amanat Al-Asimah – Sana’a
This study aimed to analyze the role of digital transformation dimensions (Digital Strategic Planning, Digital Infrastructure, Digital Human Resources, and Supportive Institutional Environment) in enhancing the efficiency of health and administrative services in Yemeni private hospitals in 2025. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting data via a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of (243) medical, administrative, and technical staff across three major hospitals in Sana'a (University of Science and Technology, Modern German, and Yemeni European). Statistical analysis using SPSS indicated exceptional internal consistency for the research instrument (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.966). The results revealed that digital transformation explains (R^2 = 0.350) of the variance in healthcare service efficiency and (R^2 = 0.390) in administrative services efficiency. Regression coefficients indicated that the "Organizational Environment" is the most influential factor in healthcare performance with full statistical significance (Sig = 0.000), while "Infrastructure" emerged as the primary driver of administrative transformation. Furthermore, the study identified a digital divide attributed to the age variable, while no significant differences were found regarding gender or educational level. The study recommended investing in organizational culture, strengthening digital governance, and enhancing cybersecurity as fundamental pillars for transitioning toward "Smart Hospitals" in Yemen.
Copyright (c) 2026 آية عبدالله الصبري، شيماء عبدالله شعبان، بشرى عبدالله كامل، لميس نبيل شروح، رقيه جمال مهدي، نوره علي مفضل، سما أحمد الزماني، وجدان ماجد السهيلي، سمر أنور عبدالله، وئام محمد الجابري، أ.م.د. منير مصلح الوصابي (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Operating Room Technicians' Adherence to Safety Standards on Ensuring a Safe Working Environment in Public Hospitals (A Field Study at Teaching Hospitals in the Capital Municipality)
This study aimed to investigate the correlational relationship and statistical impact of operating room (OR) technicians' commitment to occupational safety standards on the sustainability of a safe work environment within public hospitals in Sana'a (Al-Thawra, Al-Kuwait, Military, and 48 Medical Hospital). Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology, data were collected via a validated and structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 147 technicians. The instrument demonstrated high internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.872. The findings revealed a "very high" level of professional commitment among technicians, with an overall mean of (4.53/5.00), specifically in infection control and personal protective equipment (PPE) dimensions. Conversely, an organizational gap was identified in the "Safe Work Environment" محور, which scored a lower mean of (3.95), with "Organizational and Psychological Support" reaching its lowest level at (3.13). Linear regression analysis confirmed a statistically significant impact ( Sig = 0.000 ) of technicians' commitment on the work environment, explaining (21.3%) of the variance in environmental safety quality ( R2 = 0.213 ). Statistical tests (T-test and ANOVA) confirmed the homogeneity of professional commitment, showing no significant differences attributable to demographic variables such as gender, experience, or educational level. The study concludes that the safety system in Yemeni public hospitals currently relies on "individual resilience" and professional ethics rather than institutional frameworks. The study recommends a paradigm shift from "Safety-I" (focusing on error prevention) to "Safety-II" (enhancing resilience and learning from success). Furthermore, it emphasizes the institutionalization of psychological support and the adoption of non-punitive reporting systems to ensure sustainable safety in high-risk surgical environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 هديل محمد الشجاع، سامي زيد التهامي، آية صالح الحتيوه، حمزة محمد الفايق، منير مصلح الوصابي، اريج ابراهيم الشرفي وآخرون (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of The Operating Room Technician in Implementing Surgical Counting and Its Impact on Patient Safety in Public Hospitals – Sana'a
Background: Surgical counting is a core perioperative safety practice to prevent retained surgical items (RSIs). In resource-limited public hospitals in Sana’a, Yemen, the consistency of this practice among operating room technicians remains insufficiently studied. Objective: To assess the role of operating room technicians in implementing surgical counting and determine its impact on patient safety in public hospitals in Sana’a City, Yemen. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in five public hospitals. Using convenience sampling, 201 eligible operating room technicians completed a structured self-administered questionnaire covering demographics/work profile, surgical counting practices, and patient safety. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation, were applied. Results: The findings revealed a significant implementation gap, with 50.2% of technologists reporting low levels of protocol adherence. Critical weaknesses were identified in procedural documentation (45.8% disagreement) and "speaking up" during count discrepancies (48.8% disagreement). Over half of the participants (52.7%) had received no formal training in surgical counting. A very strong positive correlation was found between the implementation of surgical counting and patient safety (r = 0.980, p < 0.001). Higher safety compliance was significantly associated with being female, having fewer years of experience (< 6 years), and managing lower surgical volumes (< 20 cases/month). Conclusion: Surgical counting implementation in Sana’a’s public hospitals is suboptimal and highly variable. The strong correlation between counting adherence and patient safety indicates that current inconsistent practices pose a substantial risk of preventable surgical errors. Systemic barriers, including high workloads and a lack of specialized training, are the primary drivers of non-compliance. Recommendations: Public hospitals should mandate standardized counting protocols and introduce competency- based certification in surgical counting. Further multi-center studies—including private hospitals and additional provinces- are needed to develop a national profile of counting practices and patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Hussein Abdo Abdulrab Al-Selwi, Shaima Qasem Mursed Al-Dharehi., prof. Muneer Musleh Al-Wesabi, Hana Yahia Qasim Saleh Kabas, Raghad Ali Yousef Jaafar, Anhar Mohammed Ahsan Hammoud Al-Matary, Dekra Ali Ebraheem Ali Duailah, Shroq Mohammed Ali AL-Marwaei, Emad Hussein Ali Saeed Al-Muqatri, Rofidah Ali Abdullah Ahmed Amer, Zakaria Mohammed Taher Al-Dubais, Maryam Saleh Mohammed Al-Awlaqi, Badr Qassim Ahmed Al. Hubaishi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Reality of Training Quality and its Role in Improving the Performance of Operating Theater Technicians in Yemeni Hospitals: A Comparative Analytical Study Between the Republican Teaching Hospital Authority and Kuwait University Hospital
Copyright (c) 2026 د. منير مصلح محمد الوصابي، ماهر جارالله، إحسان العتمي، جفون العودي وآخرون (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A study of medication use within insured patients with chronic diseases
Scientific Scholarship of Faculty and Students of the Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy at 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences
Scientific Scholarship of Faculty Members
Copyright (c) 2026 د. علي اليحوي، د. منير مصلح الوصابي (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The reality of the Yemeni health sector and the role of September 21 University for Medical and Applied Sciences in reforming it and building the modern Yemeni state
This research aims to identify the strategic role of the University of September 21 for medical and applied sciences in reforming the national health sector and stimulating medical tourism to contribute to reviving the national economy and participating in building the modern Yemeni state, by highlighting the reasons for the Yemeni patients' migration to search for health services outside the country, The root causes of the low quality of the national health sector services, which lead to medical errors and high costs of health services, and an indication of their impact on the national economy. The research concluded that the first building block of health sector reform requires first reform of the health education sector, and the localization of administrative jobs in health institutions and facilities By providing them with intellectually and practically qualified cadres in the management of health services and hospitals, and to reduce the occurrence of medical errors, a national health information system must be built and benefit from advances in information and communications technology to provide electronic health services and electronic health control.
Copyright (c) 2020 منير مصلح محمد الوصابي (المؤلف)؛ محمد دايل (مترجم) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Human Resources Development and the Efficacy of Applying Accreditation Standards in Private and Public Yemeni Hospitals in the Capital City, Sana'a
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Health Human Resources Development on the Efficacy of Applying Accreditation Standards in Yemeni Hospitals: A Field Study
The Role of Quality Systems in Improving the Performance of Healthcare Facilities in Yemen: A Case Study of the 48 Model Hospital"
This study examines quality and accreditation systems and their fundamental role in enhancing the performance of healthcare facilities in Yemen, specifically analyzing the experience of the 48 Model Hospital in implementing Total Quality Management (TQM). The research primarily aims to identify the current reality, systemic problems, and challenges confronting the Yemeni healthcare sector to formulate strategic solutions and proposals capable of addressing these issues. Furthermore, the study investigates the specific impact of TQM implementation on improving operational performance and elevating service quality at the 48 Model Hospital to a standard that qualifies it for international quality certification from a recognized accreditation body. To achieve these objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. Survey questionnaires were utilized as the primary data collection tool, administered to a sample comprising 100 patients and 100 hospital employees, with the statistical mean employed for data and result analysis. Additionally, the hospital's level of compliance was evaluated against the established criteria of the Arabic Healthcare Institution Accreditation Tool. The study yielded several significant findings, most notably: quality and accreditation systems play an integrative and complementary role in improving healthcare performance. Quality systems provide standard operating manuals, procedural steps, and implementation requirements, whereas accreditation systems serve as standardized measurement and evaluation tools to gauge institutional compliance and progress. The findings also reveal that the quality of health services across the Yemeni healthcare sector remains critically low due to severe structural challenges, foremost among which is insufficient government expenditure allocated to the health sector, combined with a lack of leadership commitment toward implementing quality management programs. Conversely, the empirical field study strongly demonstrates that the implementation of TQM has played a pivotal role in remarkably enhancing the performance of the 48 Model Hospital and upgrading its service quality, thereby enabling it to successfully achieve initial registration for international accreditation.
Clinically Significant Statin-Drug Interactions in Older Patients with Chronic Diseases
Site these chapter: Alyahawi a A, Measar M, Alwesabi M, Alkaf A. Clinically Significant Statin-Drug Interactions in Older Patients with Chronic Diseases. Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 4, B P International, pp.1-21, 2024. ⟨hal-05199313⟩ Background: People over 55 are more likely to have chronic conditions and be treated with multiple drug combinations. This can lead to drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which are often not considered in clinical practice. Statins are useful for older patients who have or are at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), need to be taken regularly over a long period of time, and may experience DDI. The risk of DDI varies between different statins, and the incidence and severity of statin interactions in elderly patients taking concomitant medications are significant. Objectives: The present study evaluate the prevalence and severity of clinically significant statin side effects among elderly patients (aged 55 years and older) receiving statin therapy for 18 months after discharge from a hospital in Sana’a; from January 2021 to June 2022. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2021 to June 2022 at a private hospital in Sana’a City, Yemen. Data collection was obtained from electronic medical register (covering demographic, clinical, and drug-therapy-related variables). The format was also filled with; BP, Sr.cr, HbA1c, HR, Total cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL, AST, and ALT values for each patient. Drug interactions were identified using both Medscape and Lexicomp software. Results: Out of 200 patients, there were 175 (87.5%) individuals had a total of 865 clinically significant drug-drug interactions. specifically speaking, 55 (27.5%) individuals had a total of 72 clinically significant statin-drug interactions. 57 (79.1%) of which were category C, 14 (19.44%) of which were category D, and only 1 (1.39%) category X statin-drug interaction. There was also an association between advanced age, co-morbidities, and concomitant drugs with the presence of statin-drug interaction. The majority of atorvastatin medication interactions may be avoided by adhering to best practices in clinical care and clinical pharmacology, such as avoiding complicated treatment regimens, utilizing a single pharmacy for all prescriptions, and recognizing patient risk factors. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that statins have a significant effect in the elderly, depending on many different factors as the use of many medications. Class C statin-drug interactions were also noted to be the most common, followed by category D statin-drug interactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Alyahawi، Mojahed Measar، Muneer Al-Wesabi (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Governance in Improving the Quality of Healthcare Services in Yemeni Hospitals: (A Case Study of the Republican Teaching Hospital Authority)
This study aimed to investigate the role of governance—encompassing both administrative and clinical dimensions—in improving the quality of healthcare services in Yemeni hospitals, utilizing the Republican Teaching Hospital Authority as an empirical case study. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. A structured questionnaire was developed as the primary tool for field data collection, targeting a purposive sample of administrative and medical leaders, including directors, department heads, and supervisors. The study yielded several key findings, most notably: a moderate level of implementation across administrative governance (77%), clinical governance (76%), and the quality of healthcare services and their improvement mechanisms (74%). These figures underscore an urgent imperative for Yemeni hospital administrations to significantly elevate their commitment to governance and quality enhancement protocols. Additionally, the results indicated that the operational objectives of the quality management department comprehensively cover patient safety, public health, and clinical effectiveness, thereby enhancing patient satisfaction and optimizing the therapeutic experience. Conversely, the findings revealed deficiencies in optimizing and rationalizing expenditures relative to the approved financial plan, which consequently restricted the hospital's capacity to adequately fund essential quality management operations. Lastly, the study demonstrated that the hospital administration actively utilizes diverse information sources to support evidence-based decision-making for quality improvement in accordance with established indicators and benchmarks. Based on these conclusions, the study offers the following recommendations: Expand the implementation of institutional and clinical governance frameworks to bolster the operational objectives of the Quality Management Department and enhance key performance indicators (KPIs) of healthcare services. Formulate a rigorous financial strategy designed to rationalize expenditures and maximize resource utilization for quality improvement, aligned with the approved state budget. Establish an institutional incentive and reward system to motivate personnel compliance with quality standards and relevant regulatory frameworks within the hospital. Prioritize the evaluation and execution of practical solutions and proposals by holding structured discussions with specialists and stakeholders to attain optimal outcomes cost-effectively within the institutional budget constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 سبأ عبد الله عبد الله الأكوع، عــقيل عمر علي العتاكي، 3- أمــيره حـمود طه الــعواضي، 1- إبراهيم بشير محسن عبد المغني، 2- إســماعيل يحيى عبد الله المدومي، منير مصلح الوصابي، عنود محمد شرف السامعي، برهان جميل صالح الحجاجي، تسنيم نبيل محمد الدعيس، روان وليد محمد سالم، فهد يحيى حسين جرواش، محمد صادق أحمد النفيش، جلال محمد علي العزيزي، محمد عمرو عمر النظاري (المؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0